GroEL–GroES

A new protein chain can get stuck half-folded, and its sticky patches can clump with other chains. What does GroEL do with such a chain?

GroEL closes and opens its lid again and again, once per folding round. What fuel pays for each round?

The rim of an open GroEL ring is water-repelling and sticky. A folded protein hides its own water-repelling parts. What lets the rim catch an unfolded protein?

Once the lid is on, the GroEL chamber has water-loving walls and room for just one protein. Why can the protein not clump in there?

With the lid on, GroEL splits its ATP slowly. After the split, the ring holds the lid less tightly. So what does the time to split ATP control?

GroEL has two rings that take turns, so only one chamber folds a protein at a time. What makes the closed chamber on one ring open again?

GroEL is a busy helper in a growing E. coli cell, and it gets busier under heat stress. Roughly what share of the cell's cytoplasmic proteins pass through it in normal growth?

Most E. coli proteins fold without help, but a small group of hard cases need GroEL. What happens to E. coli that has no GroEL?

GroEL and the proteasome are both closed chambers that hold one protein. What is the difference in what happens to the protein inside each?

Scientists built a GroEL with a single ring that closes its lid but never opens again. A protein trapped inside still became active. What does this show?